radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps - residential energy storage systems

Transition to long term
The long-term sustainability of renewable energy-based global energy systems can simultaneously mitigate several of the growing threats facing human society: greenhouse gas emissions, human-
The climate deviation caused and the excess of the boundary of the critical planet.
However, the optimal structure of the system in the future and the potential path to transition are still issues to be addressed.
This study describes a global 100% renewable power system that can be achieved in 2050, and the steps needed to achieve a realistic transition to prevent social chaos.
The simulation results show that carbon neutral power systems can be built in an economically feasible way in all regions of the world.
This fundamental shift will require stable but gradual change over the next 35 years and will lead to a sustainable and affordable global electricity supply.
Recently, several milestones have been reached that indicate increasing environmental risks: global average temperature, greenhouse gases (GHG)
In the industrial age, the levels of concentration and greenhouse gas emissions hit a new high.
In addition, there are increasing reports of global climate change, and coral reefs are the first major planetary ecosystem to face the threat of major collapse.
Given the size of the evidence, it has become impossible to ignore the challenges of climate change, and society is paying more attention to climate change mitigation.
The Paris agreement is an important first step towards a joint energy policy. Fossil fuel-
Associated greenhouse gas emissions are considered a major cause of global warming, a key feature of the Human Age, and a major threat to the future of civilization.
The global community and its leaders recognize the need for a transition to a sustainable energy system in order to limit climate change and secure future development.
This awareness raises interest and concern for renewable energy (RE)
The latest IPCC sr1 has accelerated further. 5 report.
More and more energy scenarios believe that RE is an important part of the energy system in the coming decades.
And the International Energy Agency (IEA)
Show visual inertia and constantly underestimate the role of RE in its World Energy Outlook (WEO)
As discussed by Creutzig and others. .
Other organizations have more foresight.
Greenpeace has shown a higher reliance on RE in its advanced [r]
Evolutionary scene.
Haegel et al. according to the historical impact of cost reduction and rapid increase in installation.
Creutzig, etc.
And Pursiheimo and others.
Solar photovoltaic is expected (PV)
Together with taiwatt to become the main source of electricity for the future (TW)
Expand the installed capacity and others will consider the role of RE in their scenario.
And finally, 100% RE-
As listed by Brown et al, energy-based systems are considered viable solutions in different regions of the world and globally. .
In addition, Jacobson and others.
Breyer et al. reported the possibility of meeting global energy needs only with renewable energy.
It is shown in hourly resolution that for 2030 assumptions, a fully RE-based power supply is possible, the cost is attractive, and for all regions of the world.
The International Renewable Energy Agency, the first international government agency, confirmed that electricity supply is expected to be close to R$ 100% in 2050 in major national and economic areas, particularly China, the EU, and India.
Therefore, the power generation and storage technologies currently available are sufficient to meet the operation of nearly 100% of power systems.
Existing renewable energy resources are sufficient to meet the current and future power sector needs in every region of the world.
The remaining challenge is the stability of the energy system with low share of rotating power generation machinery and the degree of social acceptance of RE technology. An RE-
The system will have lower physical inertia and will not be able to alleviate
The long-term imbalance between generation and demand.
However, through the integration of integrated inertia, the problem of lack of physical inertia in the high re-share system can be overcome, which is essentially an improved algorithm for power converters that regenerate and store capacity.
Recent research on comprehensive inertia of 100% renewable power system
Sub-Saharan Africa confirms the attractiveness of this approach.
The shortage of raw materials may be a limiting factor for some technologies in the future, such as lithium for lithium batteries, or dys and nd for wind turbines powered by permanent magnets.
However, there are alternative technologies in all these areas using alternative raw materials (i. e. non-
Lithium-ion batteries, electric excitation synchronous generators in wind turbines, etc). For silicon-
Based on photovoltaic, representing more than 95% of the annual increase in solar photovoltaic capacity, from the quality content, the main raw materials are silicon (
For glass and semiconductor materials)
Aluminum is the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust.
The mass content of the doping material can be ignored.
Silicon solar cells usually use silver, but this is not mandatory, as high-
Efficient photovoltaic cells for SunPower.
In general, there is no known material limit for producing these photovoltaic capacity.
Social acceptance is an uncertain aspect.
In our work, we assume that photovoltaic system installation can use up to 6% of the area, 4% of the area can be used for wind farm installation, and hydropower capacity can be increased by up to 50%.
The latter is mainly related to the commissioning and re-power supply of the capacity under construction of the old hydropower plant.
The degree of social acceptance of technology changes over time and cannot be obtained or estimated by technology
Economic Analysis.
Brown et al. summarized all major concerns about the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of 100% renewable systems that still exist. .
The above scenarios are completely or partially limited in terms of time resolution, spatial resolution, thawing speed, energy conversion path description, cost efficiency, and technical scope.
Therefore, a new approach to overcoming these limitations is needed.
As a result, the LUT energy system conversion model is used for simulation on a global scale.
The world is divided into nine major regions: Europe, Eurasia, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), sub-Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Association for Regional Cooperation in South Asia (SAARC)
Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim, North America and South America.
The world is divided into 145 sub-regions (
Supplementary form)
A considerable share of global electricity demand, population and land area.
Hourly resolution and region structure are considered to avoid underestimating the variability of re-sources.
The transition to modeling begins with the existing power system structure as of 2015, and the existing capabilities will be retired only after the technical life is reached.
To avoid an unrealistic and fast transition, the speed of redeploying capacity is limited and based on empirical data.
For each transition step, linear optimization is performed on the power system, with the goal of minimizing the cost of the annualized system under given constraints.
Annual cost includes annual capital expenditure (capex)
Operating expenses, increased costs for each technology, fuel costs, and greenhouse gas emissions costs.
The final step in the transition process is to achieve a 100% sustainable and carbon neutral energy system independent of the supply of fossil fuels and nuclear fuels.
Due to high social risk, unresolved radioactive waste issues and major economic issues, nuclear energy is not considered as sustainable energy in this analysis.
However, the existing plant runs until the end of its technical life.
Contrary to other circumstances, it has been shown that nuclear energy is not necessary to effectively mitigate climate change.